缅北轮奸

Families with children who work full time could find themselves with less disposable cash than those who work part-time under Universal Credit, according to a new report by 缅北轮奸 for the independent Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF).

The report is the first detailed look at how Universal Credit (UC) will affect take home pay once childcare costs have been taken into account. It assessed whether UC, being introduced from this year, will meet its central aim of making work pay, and enable low earning families to reach a minimum acceptable living standard.

It found that families with children will hit a ceiling where, despite working more hours, the steep withdrawal of UC means their disposable income after childcare costs fails to increase, or even falls. In some cases, families will be worse off working full-time than part-time.

This means that many families with children receiving UC will fall short of an adequate standard of living, as measured by the Minimum Income Standard (MIS). MIS is based on what members of the public think is needed to achieve an acceptable living standard.

Moving into ‘mini jobs’ of up to 10 hours a week sees families better off under the new system, but working beyond this threshold creates a  long, slow climb to higher disposable income.

This effect is caused by a sharp reduction in Universal Credit once families earn above a certain amount, while working more hours requires extra childcare costs. The high cost of child care, the sharp withdrawal rates of UC and the persistence of low pay could combine to undermine the success of the new system.

The research looked at different households types and how their income changes by working more hours.

A couple with two young children, where one person works full time on the minimum wage, after receiving universal credit, would have disposable income of £346 a week. This falls £103 a week short of what the family needs for an acceptable standard of living according to the public.

• If the second earner works 1.5 days a week on the minimum wage they would have disposable income of £369, £80 short of an acceptable standard of living.
• If the second earner works 3 days a week (twice the hours) it would make little difference, with the family only £8 a week better off. Their disposable income would be £377, £72 short of an acceptable standard of living.
• If the second earner works 5 days a week they would actually be worse off. Their disposable income would be £375, £74 short of an acceptable standard of living. 

A lone parent with two young children who is not working has £219 a week, £140 short of what her family needs for a decent standard of living. 

• By working 1.5 days a week on the minimum wage, the family would have disposable income of £268, £90 short of an acceptable standard of living.
• If the parent works 3 days a week (twice the hours) they will only be £6 per week better off.  They will have disposable income of £274 - £84 short of an acceptable standard of living.
• If the parent works 5 days a week, the family will actually be worse off.  Disposable income would be £272 - £87 a week short of an acceptable standard of living. As with the previous example, this is due to withdrawal of UC, taxation and childcare costs.

 Those without children generally face stronger work incentives:

• A single person gets £70 a week to spend if they are not working, £116 short of what they need, reducing to £83 for working a day and a half on the minimum wage, £63 for working three days and £38 short working full time.
• A couple without children, with one person working full time on the minimum wage, has £184 a week to spend if their partner is not working, £111 short of what they need. This reduces to £87 if the partner works a day and a half on the minimum wage and £47 if they work three days. If both partners are working full time, they will have enough to reach a minimum living standard, with about £26 a week to spare.

Chief Executive of JRF, Julia Unwin, said: “Universal Credit is a welcome step to reforming welfare, but there is a danger any potential positive impact will be undermined. For families to move from welfare to work, Universal Credit must restore a situation where working full-time is properly rewarded. It is vital that families are able to improve their disposable incomes by working more hours. The risk otherwise is it will trap families on inadequate incomes where they don’t have enough to makes end meet, with little prospect of them progressing to a better standard of living.”

Donald Hirsch, from the Centre for Research in Social Policy, 缅北轮奸, author of the report, said: “Universal Credit strengthens the incentive to do a bit of work in mini jobs, but the rewards for additional hours can be tiny. Parents hit a ceiling where a lid is placed on the aspiration to work more hours for an adequate income, because the return is negligible. The Government’s plans to make a greater contribution towards childcare could make a difference in overcoming this for those in a position to benefit.”

Katie Schmuecker, Policy and Research Manager at JRF, said: “As it stands Universal Credit is not a reliable route to a better standard of living, or to make work pay. Flaws within the system – the rate at which the Treasury claws back additional earnings - expensive childcare and low pay undermine its success. Dealing with these problems are essential to stem the rising tide of in-work poverty and ensure welfare reform is successful.”

The report found factors running alongside Universal Credit undermine its potential success: 

• Childcare – the cost of childcare has risen twice as fast as inflation, meaning parents who want to work more can’t because their take pay is wiped out by the additional cost. This has been exacerbated by a reduction in the percentage of low income families’ childcare costs that is eligible for public support through tax credits.
• The rate of withdrawal rate of in-work support as earnings increase: this was raised in 2011, and remains higher under UC than it was in the tax credit system, meaning relatively little additional take home pay is kept by families.
• Low pay – the National Minimum Wage has risen more slowly than prices for four consecutive years. A reduction in low pay would allow more people reach a minimum living standard without just relying on additional government support.
• Falling value of the safety net – below inflation increases in the value of benefits and other cuts to welfare payments mean the support on offer is much lower and families have further shortfalls to make up in order to get by.

But government proposals for more generous support for childcare could help ensure that in future it always pays to work more hours for some families receiving UC. Currently families receiving UC get help with 70% of their childcare costs. The government has proposed increasing this support to 85% from 2016, but only where all adults in the household are paying tax. This means 600,000 families where both parents (or a lone parent) are working and earn over £10,000 a year each will get extra help, seeing their childcare bills halved. But there are 900,000 families that would not be eligible for this support because they do not earn enough to pay tax.

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